TRIK
MENGERJAKAN STRUKTUR DALAM TOEFL
1. Be Familiar
With Direction
Mengapa kita harus familiar terhadap petunjuk yang ada?
Karena kita sering kali tidak mengindahkan petunjuk-petunjuk yang ada pada soal
TOEFL khusunya pada section 2 yakni structure and writtenexpression.Oleh karena
itu, bacalah petunjuknya sebelum mengerjakan.
2. You Can
Spend On Average Of About Thirty Second On Each Question.
Kita dituntut untuk menghabiskan waktu 30 detik untuk setiap
soal? Tadi katanya 48 detik? Ya, memang benar 48 detik. Tapiitu sudah termasuk
dengan membulatkan lembar jawaban kita. Belum lagi dikurangi untuk mengecek
soal yang kita kerjakan sebelumnya dan beberapa kemungkinan yang terjadi.
Otomatis untuk sekali baca soal pada TOEFL kita diwajibkan untuk mengerjakannya
dalam 30 detik maksimum.
Lalu bagaimana strateginya jika hanya 30 detik tiap 1 soal?
Yang pastinya banyak-banyak berlatih soal pre-TOEFL ataupun memang soal-soal
TOEFL asli yang pernah diujikan. Berlatihlah untuk tenang dalam mengerjakan
soal.
3. Never Answer
Every Question Quickly
Kenapa kita tidak boleh menjawab pertanyaan
cepat-cepat? Bukannya lebih cepat lebih baik? Meskipun soal itu terlihat mudah,
tetapi banyak sekali jebakan-jebakan yang ada di setiap soal terutama pada soal
section 2 yakni structure andwritten expression. Jadi selalu mempertimbangkan semua
jawabanyang ada di pilihan ganda.
4. Never Leave Any Answer Blank
Karena dalam sistem skoring yang ada pada TOEFL, kita tidak
akan mendapatkan nilai -1 jika kita menjawab pertanyaan dengan salah. Jadi
tidak ada salahnya jika kita sudah buntu dan kita tidak tahu jawabannya, kita
cukup menebak kira-kira yang mana yang paling benar.
5. If You Finish Before Time, Go Back And Work On Items That You Found Difficult
disarankan untuk mengecek kembali soal-soal yang kalian
anggap sulit sebelumnya. Hal ini juga akan membantu kalian mengoreksi jawaban
kalian.
TOEFL
STRUCTURE
Any
material that is
made for the TOEFL structure.
Find grammer and tensisnya (no 7) includeddefinitions and examples. Could
be in the form of example sentences in
English (if hard bsa bhs indo).First comparison first to rate etc..
Put in
a blog ug task.
TOEFL test materials consisted of four sessions, which usually must diselesaiakan in
a total time of 3hours. Each session has its
own time limit, so it takes the ability to
solve the "true and fast". Eachsession include:
·
listening Comprehension
This
section consists of 50 questions, you are
required to answer the question that is
played (this matteris not recorded in
the books about). In this case the matter related
to the three types
of conversations:Conversations short, long conversations, and a
long story.
·
Grammar Structure
and Written Expression
Type
of question is
a structure with multiple-choice questions which required knowledge
of grammar orcorrect grammar.
·
Reading Comprehension
You will
face questions about the form of the
story, where there will be questions related
to the story.The story can
be used for one or more questions. Berbada with Listening
Comprehension, ReadingComprehension questions at
the session for questions and
a book should be read carefully.
·
Writing
You will be given a theme, and the theme is developed into writing in the English language. There are usually a limited number of characters minimum that should be on your writing.
TOEFL scores ranged
from 310-677, and a passing grade depends
on how each agency organizerminimum TOEFL score required. Discover surefire
tips to pass the TOEFL
test in our article tips passthe TOEFL
test. And as an addition to knowledge, we also present article online color
blindness teststhat you can use as a means of testing. Hope
it can help in preparing.
Here, I will try
to explain the structure part in
the TOEFL test. After looking for
a reference, I will discuss 5 of 20 materials that are
often out on the TOEFL test structure.
a. Basic Sentences stucture
In
general, there was no significant difference between the
structure of English
sentences withIndonesian, where a sentence is
built upon four main components, namely
——————————————————————————————————
Subject
(S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)
——————————————————————————————————
In
the Indonesian language, we are familiar with this component + Subject + Verb +
Object Specification
example:
We Studied grammar last week
We Studied grammar last week
We
Studied + + grammar + last week
S
+ V + C + M
1.
SUBJECT
•
is the agent of the sentence in the active voice (an agent of a sentence in the
active form)
•
is thing / person that performs or responsible for the action of a sentence
(object / person / company conducting or are responsible for an action in a
sentence)
•
normally precedes the verb (usually precedes the verb, or a verb after the
subject there are usually * just wrote Kalee ...
example:
• I explain how to study English
• I explain how to study English
•
She listens to my explanation
•
They did not understand that language
The
subject can be seen from the question who (whom) or what (what) which acts on a
sentence.
2. VERB
Verb
is the action of a sentence (action or actions in a sentence)
Verb
phrase: auxilaries combination with the main verb (main verb)
example:
• I am learning English (am = auxilary, learning = main verb)
• I am learning English (am = auxilary, learning = main verb)
•
My brother is very clever
•
She has gone home (has = auxilary, gone = main verb)
•
I have been waiting here (have been = auxilary, waiting = main verb)
Every
sentence must have a Verb
3.
Complement
•
Usually a noun (noun) or noun phrase (noun phrase)
•
usually found after the verb in the active sentence
•
complement to answer the question what (what) or who (Whom)
example:
·
Sarijon bought a cake yesterday
·
What did Sarijon buy yesterday? -> A
cake.
·
He saw Tony at the movies
·
Whom did he see at the movies? ->
Tony
·
I explain to my students pharmacology
·
What do I explain to my students? ->
Pharmacology
Note:
Each sentence should not have a complement.
4.
MODIFIER
•
Modifier describes the time (time), place (where), or the manner (how) of an
action or actions
•
The most common form of the modifier is a propositional phrase (group of words
that begins with
a
preposition and ends with a noun
·
Preposition = on, out, under, behind,
etc ...
·
Modifier answer questions when (when),
where (where), or how (how to)
example:
·
John bought a book at a book fair
·
Where did John buy a book? -> At a
book fair
·
She is driving very fast
·
How is she driving? -> Very fast
·
I posted my application yesterday
·
When do I post my application? ->
Yesterday
Example
question:
1.
_____ The Eiffel Tower Paris, France
a.
landmarks
b.
is a landmarked in
c.
is a landmark in
d.
is in a landmark
2.
Young deer _______
a. are
called fawns
b. Be
fawns
c. is
fawns
d. fawns
are called
3.
A dream about falling ______
a. scary
is
b. is
scary
c. are
scary
d. is
very scary
4. Those beautiful flowers _____
a. is
b.
Am
c.
Are
d.
Was
5. I _____ this blog on july 14th 2009
a.
Launch
b.
Launching
c.
Launched
d.
will launch
Answer
1. The Eiffel Tower is a landmark in Paris, France, as it follows the rules of English sentence, a sentence must have a subject and verb, in this case, The Eiffel Tower, is a single subject that requires to be a singular, which is. And the sentence requires a complement to the needs of the Modifier place, Paris, so the landmark serves as a noun and can not be used in verb form 2 & 3 have been replaced by the role of verbs to be, is.
2. Young
deer fawns is, because the subject is single so need to be to play a singular
verbs for the noun complements, fawns.
3.A dream about falling is scary, because the subject, A dream, a single subject and needs to be singular verbs that act as complements to adjectives, scary.
4. Those flowers are beautiful, because of the subject, those flower, is plural, then the words need to be in the plural.
5. I Launched this blog on July 14th, 2009, because the sentence past tense form when seen from the time modifier, on July 14th, 2009, so the answer requires 2 verbs in the verb form for satisfying the rules of simple past tense, so the answer is Launched.
·
Parallel Structure
Parallelism
means that the words used in a series or group that should have the same form
as grammar. When we use words or phrases that are connected by a chain, then it
must be the same shape as grammar. Consider the following example:
·
Terry likes swimming and to dive. (False
- not parallel)
·
Terry likes swimming and diving. (True -
parallel)
·
Terry likes to swim and (to) dive. (True
- parallel)
·
I'm taking history, math, and chemical.
(False - Chemical not a noun)
·
I'm taking history, math, and chemistry
Sometimes
the words are repeated as auxiliary verbs, can be removed in the next series.
·
I have been to Paris and saw the Eiffel
Tower. (False - should be seen PBUH)
·
I have been to Paris and have seen the
Eiffel Tower. (True)
·
I have been to Paris and seen the Eiffel
Tower. (True and better than an example to 2)
Is
she coming to the party or go to a movie? (Wrong)
Is
she coming to the party or going to a movie? (True)
Example
question
Identify
and correct the mistakes in the parallel structure in the following sentences
1. I swept the yard, weeded the garden and .... the clothes.
1. I swept the yard, weeded the garden and .... the clothes.
a. was
washing
b.
Wash
c.
Washed
d.
Washing
2.
James Decided to get up early, practice some yoga and .... healthy foods.
a.
Eat
b.
Ate
c.
Eating
d.
Eaten
3.
Although I trained hard, practiced every day and ...... to my trainer, I've
never won a tournament.
a.
Listening
b.
were listening
c.
was listening
d.
Listened
4. I wish he would listen to me, take my advice and ...... smoking.
a. stop
b.
Stopped
c.
to stop
d.
Stopping
5. He is an articulate, intelligent and ..... speaker.
a.
Thoughtfully
b.
was thought
c.
Thoughtful
d.
were thoughtful
Answer
1. I swept the yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes, because the sentences using the simple past tense using third without Auxiliary verb, so the word verb wash should also use third without Auxiliary.
1. I swept the yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes, because the sentences using the simple past tense using third without Auxiliary verb, so the word verb wash should also use third without Auxiliary.
2.
James Decided to get up early, practice some yoga and eat healthy foods, as
said before practice using verb 1 so that the parallel pair should use the verb
1 one also eat.
3.
Although I trained hard, practiced every day and listened to my trainer, I've
never won a tournament, because the sentences using the simple past tense using
the verb 3, the parallels should also use the verb 3.
4.
I wish he would listen to me, take my advice and stop smoking, take my advice
because a sentence using the verb 1 to take the word, and without to be, then
the parallels should use the verb 1 also stop, without to be.
5.
He is an articulate, intelligent and
thoughtful speaker, because all the adjectives mentioned were single, then
selected is thoughtful.
·
Comparative Adjectives
When
talking about the two objects, we can compare and see the differences as well
similarities between the two objects. Maybe it has the same thing on one side
and the difference on the other side. To compare the difference between the two
objects we use comparative adjectives. Comparison is only using comparative
adjectives to compare between two objects only.
There are two ways to create a comparative adjectives:
1.
Adding the suffix-er (short adjectives)
2.
Adding more prefix (long adjectives)
Addition
of a suffix rule for short adjectives:
-
Generally only added adjective-er, for example: older, smaller, richer, etc.
-
If the ending-e, just add r, for example: later, nicer, etc..
-
If the ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant, the final consonant plus, then
plus-er, for example: bigger, hotter, etc.
-
If the ending-y, then y changed to i then added er, for example: happier,
Earlier, busier, heavier, etc.
For long adjectives, the rule only adds more words only on adjectives, for example: expensive to be more expensive, more beautiful to be beautiful, and so on.
Some
adjectives have irregular shapes, such as good - better, well (healthy) -
better, bad - worse, far - farther / further, etc.
Adjectives with two syllables can use-er or more: quiet - quieter / more quiet, clever - cleverer / more clever, narrow - narrower / more narrow, simple - Simpler / more simple.
Comparative
adjectives are not only used to compare two different objects, but can also be
used to compare the same object that points to itself, and the object is not to
say, as one example sentence above: I want to have a more powerful computer.
·
Adjectives with one syllable
To
make the comparative form of an adjective with one syllable, we add-er to the
adjective, for example:
•
slow – slower
•
fast – faster
•
tall – taller
•
short – shorter
To make a comparison of an adjective with one syllable and ends with the letter-e, we simply add-r. Example:
•
nice – nicer
•
large – larger
If adjectives with one syllable ending with vowels and consonants, then we double the consonant. Example:
•
- big – bigger
•
hot – hotter
•
thin – thinner
·
Adjectives with two syllables
If
the adjective has two or more syllables, we add more before the adjective.
Example:
•
This book is more expensive than that book.
•
This picture is more beautiful.
However, there are many exceptions to the rule of one / two syllables it.
Some
words with 2 syllables have properties similar to words that have 1 syllable.
Example:
•
This is Easier – True
•
This is more easy - not really
•
This is Simpler – True
•
This is more simple - not true
And
some adjectives can use both comparative form. Example:
-
Clever - cleverer - more clever: These are all correct
-
Quiet - quieter - more quiet: These are all correct.
No exceptions can be learned through the rules, the best way to learn is to learn it one by one.
Example
Problem:
1.
The Nile river is ____ than the Amazon.
a.
Longer
b.
more long
c.
Longest
d.
Long
2. I'm ______ than Yuri but _____ than Miko.
a.
tallest, shorter
b.
more tall, more short
c.
taller, shortest
d.
taller, shorter
3. They're ______ than us, but we're ______ than them.
a.
handsomer, smarter
b.
more handsome, more smart
c.
most handsome, smarter
d.
more handsome, smarter
4. This book bag is _______ than that bag.
a.
most expensive
b.
Expensive
c.
more expensive
d.
Expensive
5.
This newspaper is ________ than that newspaper.
a.
more good
b.
most good
c.
Gooder
d.
Better
Answer
1. The Nile river is longer than the Amazon, due to the nature of the required sentence consists of only one syllable, and only comparing two objects.
2.
I'm taller than Yuri but shorter than Michael, because of the nature of the
required line is just made up of one syllable and just compare 2 objects.
3.
They're more handsome than us, but we're smarter than them, because it takes
the first adjective phrase consists of two syllables, while the second
adjective only consists of one syllable and just compare the two objects.
4.
This book bag is more expensive than that bag, because of the nature of the
required sentence is composed of two syllables and just compare the two
objects.
5.
This newspaper is better than that newspaper, said the sentence required
properties are the adjectives that have irregular shapes change as bad to
worse, became much more, a further far, so good be a better adjective.
·
Conditional Clauses
Conditional
(sentence presupposition) explains that an activity contrary to other
activities. The most common conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal
Conditonal, sometimes called if-clauses. Real Conditional (often also referred
to as Conditional Type I) which describes mengandai-if in accordance with the
facts.
Unreal Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type II) which describes the supposition that no real or imagined. There is also a 3rd Conditional often called the Conditional Type III, is used as a regret that happened in the past and zero conditionals, used to express something that is definitely true.
Note: If the clause "if" is placed at the beginning of a sentence, we must use the "coma". Conversely, if the clause "if" is behind, then there should be no comma
Conditional
or modality has 3 forms:
1.
Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)
This
assumption states that something might happen in the future or now, if the
terms / certain conditions are met.
Type
1 Conditional formula:
+
Subject + If + subject + present simple modals (will, can, may, must) V1
(simple form)
example:
If have money I will buy a new car
Simple
If + Subject + ... + subject + present simple-present
example:
If he has enough time, John usually walks to school.
If + Subject + ... + command simple present form
example: If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me!
2. Unreal Present (Conditional Type 2)
This
assumption states something contrary to what exists or happens now.
+
If + subject + subject + simple past modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple
Form)
example:
If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
(I do not have time so I could not go)
(I do not have time so I could not go)
He
would tell you about it if he were here
(He
would say if he were here, that because she's not here, he did not say /
Because he is not here he does not tell you about it.)
* For the if-clause in this form only to be "were" is used for all subjects.
if
the conditional type 2 can be removed is by using pattern inversion:
Were
+ subject + Adj / Noun + capital + subject (would, could, might) + V1
example:
Were I John I would not forgive you.
(If
only I was the john I will not forgive you, in fact I not john so I forgive you
/ I'm not John so I forgive you).
He
could hug me, if he were here. (She may hug me, if he's here). The fact is: he
can not hug me, Because, he is not here.
3.
Unreal Past (Conditional Type 3)
This
assumption states something contrary to what has happened (past).
Type 3 Conditional formula:
Type 3 Conditional formula:
+
If + Subject + Past Perfect ... subject modals (would, could, might) have + V3
example:
1. If
we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(If only we knew you were there, we had sent a letter to you;
(If only we knew you were there, we had sent a letter to you;
which
means that we do not send the letter because we do not know you're there / I
did not know that you were there so I did not write you a letter.
2. He
would tell you about it if he were here.
3. If
he did not speak so quickly intervening, you could understand him.
Form
inversion (without the "IF") for this pattern:
Had
+ subject + subject + V3 ... modals (would, could, might) have + V3
inverse sentence above when written into:
inverse sentence above when written into:
Had
we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
without changing the meaning or significance.
without changing the meaning or significance.
Example
Problem:
1.
If it _____ so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside
a.
Was
b.
was not x
c.
were not
d.
had not
1.
If she ______ her to advance the clock one hour, she would not have been late
for work
a. should
have remembered
b.
could remembered
c.
Remembered
d.
would have remembered x
2.
If I were rich, I ______ to Canada to learn English.
a.
will go
b.
would go
c.
will to go
d.
would have go
3.
You should pass this exam _____ _____ _____ if you have Studied
a.
easy, easily, hardly
b.
ease, easy, hard
c.
Easily, easy, hard
d.
easy, easily, hard
Answer:
1. If it was not so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside, because the parent sentence using the V1, so this conditional sentence should use the type 2 and thus require simple past tenses.
2.
If she would have remembered her to advance the clock one hour, she would not
have been late for work, because the main clause uses V3, been, then the
conditional sentence must use a type 3 so need past perfect tenses as an
answer.
3. If I were rich, I would go to Canada to learn English, because it is unreal conditional (conditional sentence) type 1, which is in fact in the present tense, which is: I am not rich, so I do not / will not go to Canada to learn English. Thus, the correct option is "would go".
4.
You should pass this exam Easily easy if you have Studied hard, because the
consecutive sentences require adjective, adverb, and an adverb. Adverb form of
the adjective "hard" is "hard". The word "hardly"
is an adverb, but the meaning is "almost never" = "almost never",
which does not fit the context of this sentence.
Noun
Clauses
Noun
clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a noun. Noun clause in the
sentence is generally used as a subject and an object sentences.
Noun
clause can be preceded by:
•
Question word or relative pronoun question either single word or phrase:
o
Single question word (ie when, how, what, ect.).
o
Question word + determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.
o
Question word + infinitive.
•
CONJUNCTION (i.e. Whether and if).
•
That or the fact that.
So
the pattern of the noun clause is:
Question
word / conjunction / that + subject + verb + ...
A.
Noun clauses beginning with the words Question
How
to Address Questions in've discussed about the use of the word good in making
the information asked questions and in making embedded questions. Embedded
questions are noun clause. In this section are given additional examples to
refresh your memory.
1.
Single question words.
Example:
1. Where she is now is still unknown.
1. Where she is now is still unknown.
2.
When they arrive is still uncertain.
3.
I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are
two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Note: in this sentence,
noun clause what you did last summer became the object of I know and I still
know, and once combined with: are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love
Hewitt, a compound subject of the sentence.
Noun
clause can be placed at the beginning of the sentence (as subject) or as an
object. If you want to change the position of the subject noun clause object
sentence into a sentence, it is usually necessary pronoun or a slight
modification of the word. The above example becomes:
1.
It is still unknown where she is now.
2.
Do you know when they arrive?
3.
Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did
last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Because the title of
movies, noun clause what you did last summer does not need to be rotated
position.
Note:
a) Clause question preceded by certain words (ie when, Whenever, where) can also function as an adverbial clause.
Example:
1. I was reading a book when the phone rang.
1. I was reading a book when the phone rang.
2.
I went to where I and my ex-girlfriend had been last weekend.
3.
Suddenly I get nausea Whenever I see his face. (Nausea = nausea / vomiting
willing).
b).
Clause is preceded by the words specific question (ie who, Whom, Whose + noun)
can also function as an adjective clause. In this case, the question is
actually a relative pronoun. Well, do not be too confused by the term.
Important that you understand the pattern / structure of the sentence. But, if
you are curious, please read the adjective clauses topic.
Example:
1. I think you Whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (I guess you (people) who pack Dodi were looking for earlier).
2.
Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
3.
Rommy, Whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.
So,
how to tell if the noun clause, adverbial clause, or adjective clause? The
answer is simple. Noun clause can be replaced by the pronoun it, while the
adverbial clause and adjective clause no. Noun clause answers the question what
and who / Whom; adverbial clause answering questions when, where, how
(including how much, how often, ect), and why. Adjective clause (ie in the form
of an adjective clause) describes noun, and relative pronounnya (ie who, that,
ect.) In Indonesian means "the".
·
Question words + ever / soever
Except
how, at the end of question words can be added ever or soever Whenever =
whensoever, whatever = whatsoever, and so on. Meaning here ever or soever the
same, ie only / no, stay combined with a question word in front of him.
Meanwhile, how + ever be however (ie adverb or also called a transition word
meaning yet / even if it is) is not included in this category.
Example:
1.
We will accept whatever you want us to do. (We will accept / do whatever you
want us to do).
2.
Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (Melt = melt). Be careful:
guy (pronounced gae) = men, while gay (read gei) = fag = fag.
3.
She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (He has agreed to take him
wherever he goes). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (in this case to,
etc.) Is usually placed at the end of the sentence. She has agreed wherever the
man would bring her to.
·
Question nouns + words
Question
words + nouns are often used, among others: what time (time), what day (what
day), what time (time), what kind (what kind), what type (what type), Whose +
nouns (ie Whose car, Whose book, ect.), and so on.
Example:
1.
I can not remember what day we will take the exam.
2.
As long as I am faithful, she does not care what type of family I come from.
(Faithful = loyal).
3.
Do you know what time it is?
4.
I do not know Whose car is parked in front of my house.
·
Question adjectives + words
+
Question words are frequently used adjectives such as: how long (how long /
long), how far (how much), how old (how old / Age), ect.
Example:
1.
Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He did not even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He did not even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
·
Question words + determiners
Determiners + Question words often used is: how many (how many) and how much (how many). Remember: how many followed by plural nouns, whereas how much followed by uncountable nouns.
Example:
1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
2.
How much will improve your English skills is determined by how hard you
practice.
·
Question words + adverbs
+
Question words are frequently used adverbs are: how Often (how often), how many
times (how many times) ect.
Example:
1. Often no matter how I practice, my English still sucks. (No matter how many times I practice, my english is bad). Suck (informal verb) = bad / not good; suck another meaning: suck.
1. Often no matter how I practice, my English still sucks. (No matter how many times I practice, my english is bad). Suck (informal verb) = bad / not good; suck another meaning: suck.
2.
I do not want my parents to know how many times I have left school early.
(Leave school early = absent).
·
Question words + infinitives
If
the question words immediately followed by infinitives, the invinitives implies
shouldatau can / could. Note that the subject after question words omitted.
Example:
1. She did not know what to do = She did not know what she should do. (He does not know what he should do).
1. She did not know what to do = She did not know what she should do. (He does not know what he should do).
2.
Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I
can get the train station from here.
3.
We have not Decided when to go to the beach = We have not Decided when we
should go to the beach.
4.
Mary told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.
Noun
clauses beginning with Whether / if
Whether
can be followed by OR / NOT can not; meaning of the sentence is usually the
same although the OR / NOT is not mentioned (it depends on the context of the
sentence).
Example:
1. Whether I am not sure she is coming or not = I am not sure Whether or not she is coming = I am not sure Whether she is coming. (I'm not sure whether he will come or not).
1. Whether I am not sure she is coming or not = I am not sure Whether or not she is coming = I am not sure Whether she is coming. (I'm not sure whether he will come or not).
2.
We can not decide Whether we should go out or stay home. = We can not decide
Whether to go or (to) stay home. Note, infinitives can also be used after
Whether.
3. Whether I am not sure I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (I'm not sure if I should take some Economic Law after graduating from high school or later).
4.
If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take
law, I will take law too.
Noun clauses beginning with that / the fact that
Here,
that means that, while the fact that means the fact that. Whereas, that in
adjective clauses mean that.
Example:
1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2. It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3. It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
4. It seems that it is going to rain soon.
Example
Problem:
1.
The teacher heard who answered the question. (C)
Analysis:
•
The first sentence "The teacher heard" is true because the subject
teacher and heard verbnya. The second sentence "Who answered the
phoned" is also true because who serves as a subject and answered as
verbnya. Who at the same time also serves as connetor.
•
So the above sentence is correct.
2.
I do not understand it went wrong. (I)
Analysis:
• The first sentence "I do not understand" is correct because I do not understand the subject and verb. The second sentence "it went wrong" is wrong because there is no connector at once subject.
• The first sentence "I do not understand" is correct because I do not understand the subject and verb. The second sentence "it went wrong" is wrong because there is no connector at once subject.
•
correct sentence should be: I do not understand what went wrong.What subject
and also serves as a connector, while his went as a verb.
3.
Of the three movies, I can not decide is the best roomates. (C)
Analysis:
• In the first sentence, I can not decide as Subject and as a verb. In the second sentence, roomates as well as the subject and the connector is a verb.
• In the first sentence, I can not decide as Subject and as a verb. In the second sentence, roomates as well as the subject and the connector is a verb.
4.
She did not remember who in her class. (I)
Analysis
• In the first sentence, as She did not remember the subject and the verb.
• In the first sentence, as She did not remember the subject and the verb.
5.
No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building. (I)
Analysis:
Analysis:
•
The first sentence is correct because No one is subject and is is a verb, but
the second sentence is wrong because there was and it did. Seharusnay did and
it deleted and verb "happen" into the past tense
"happened".
•
So the correct sentence should be: ....... what happened in front of the
building.
TOEFL
STRUCTURE PROBLEM
1.
When James arrived home after a hard day at work, ___________________
(A)
His wife was sleeping
(B)
His wife slept
(C)
His wife has slept
(D)
His wife has been sleeping
Answer:
(A) His wife was sleeping
Grammar: Gerund
2.
He entered a university _________________________
(A)
When he had sixteen years
(B)
When sixteen years were his age
(C)
At the age of sixteen
(D)
At age sixteen years old
Answer:
(C) at the age of sixteen
Grammar: prepositions of time
3.
_____________ He looked forward to the new venture.
(A)
Eagerly
(B)
With great eagerness
(C)
Eagernessly
(D)
In a state of increasing eagerness
Answer:
(A) eagerly
Grammar: degrees of comparison
4.
His university's program ______________ those of Harvard.
(A)
Come second after
(B)
Are second only to
(C)
Are first except for
(D)
Are in second place from
Answer:
(B) Are Second only to
Grammar: present progressive tense
5.
It was not until she arrived in class ______________ Realized she had forgotten
her book.
(A)
And she
(B)
When she
(C)
She
(D)
That she
Answer:
(D) that she
Grammar: Noun Clause
6.
Those students do not like to read novels _______________ text books.
(A)
In any case
(B)
Forgetting about
(C)
Leaving out the questions
(D)
Much less
Answer:
(D) much less
Grammar: clause of contrast
7. The jurors were told to _________________________
(A)
Talk all they wanted
(B)
Make lots of experiences
(C)
Speak freely
(D)
Much less
Answer:
(C) speak freely
Grammar: degrees of comparison
8.
_________________ The best car to buy is a Mercedes Benz.
(A)
Because of its durability and economy
(B)
Because it lasts a long time, and it is very economical
(C)
Because of its durability and it is economical
(D)
Because durably and economy wise it is better than all the others.
Answer:
(A) Because of its durability and economy
Grammar: adverbial clause of Reason
9.
With the passing of time and the encroachment of people, the habitat of
gorillas______ To Decrease.
(A)
Continuing
(B)
Which continue
(C)
Continues
(D)
That it has continued
Answer:
(C) continues
Grammar: simple present tense
10.
Tony would have Studied medicine if he __________ to a medical school.
(A)
Could be enter
(B)
Had been Admitted
(C)
Was Admitted
(D)
Were Admitted
Answer:
(B) had been Admitted
Grammar: Derivation
11.
The more she worked, ________________
(A)
The less she Achieved
(B)
She did not Achieve enough
(C)
She Achieved not enough
(D)
She was Achieving less
Answer:
(A) the less she Achieved
Grammar: Derivation
12.
At the Seventh International Ballet Competitions, Fernando Bujones won the
first gold medal ever _________ to a United States male dancer.
(A)
To be awarded
(B)
To awards
(C)
That awards
(D)
Should be awarding
Answer:
(A) to be awarded
Grammar: infinitive
13.
Despite being basically arboreal in nature, koalas ________ to inhabit a
specific territory and range of some 30 square miles.
(A)
Knowing
(B)
Which know
(C)
Are knowing
(D)
Are known
Answer:
(D) are known
Grammar: simple past tense
14.
Plankton, ______, is the basic foodstuff for everything that lives in the
ocean.
(A)
Comprise minute both marine animals and plants
(B)
Is the name given to minute marine animals and plants
(C)
The collective name for minute marine animals and plants
(D)
Minute Collectively marine animals and plants that
Answer:
(C) the collective name for minute marine animals and plants
Grammar:
Noun Modifier
15.
Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, __,
And
memorize lighthouse locations to prepare Themselves for any conditions they
might encounter.
(A)
Sailing directions are Studied
(B)
Study the sailing directions
(C)
To direct sailing studies
(D)
direct sailing Studies
Answer:
(B) Study the sailing studies
Grammar:
Gerund
Sumber :
1.http://www.sekolahbahasainggris.com/toefl-section-2-5-strategi-jitu-mengerjakan-bagian- structure-and-written-expression/
2. http://rama-14.blogspot.co.id/2013/06/materials-for-toefl-structure-materi.html
2. http://rama-14.blogspot.co.id/2013/06/materials-for-toefl-structure-materi.html